![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Rising temperatures due to climate change are causing Arctic ice to melt at rates never before observed (Jackson et al., 2005). Signal and Lead-in Phrases In most citation styles, including APA, MLA, and Chicago style, you can add variety to your research writing by not always using the same sentence structure to introduce quotations, paraphrases, or pieces of information borrowed from different sources. If there has already been a citation for this source in a paragraph, omit the year of publication: Include only the first author’s last name, followed by 'et al.', and year of publication (for first and subsequent citations). A signal phrase is a natural part of an APA narrative in-text citation as it attributes information to a particular author like this: Clements (date of. This also means that you do not need an additional parenthetical citation. If there has already been a citation for this source in a paragraph, omit the year of publication:ĭespite dire predictions, polar bear populations have actually increased over the past 50 years (Holden et al., 2008). Using signal phrases to cite information means that you add the citation to your sentence (s). Subsequent citations: Include only the last name of the first author, followed by 'et al.', and year of publication IF it is the first citation for that source in a paragraph. 3-5 Authorsįirst citation in text: Include last names of all authors, separated by the ampersand symbol ('&'), and year of publication:ĭespite dire predictions, polar bear populations have actually increased over the past 50 years (Holden, Michaels, & White, 2008). Polar bears have been used by environmentalists as an icon of climate change in several campaigns. Direct quote using a signal phrase, include the author(s), date and page number. Include last name of both authors, separated by the ampersand symbol ('&'), and year of publication: Signal Phrases Signal phrases are used to introduce or lead into a quote. Studies indicate that polar bear populations will dramatically decline as Arctic ice melts (Jedden, 2006). If you refer to the authors name in a sentence, you do not have to include the name again as part of your in-text citation instead. Include author's last name and year of publication, separated by a comma, in parentheses: A Work by Three to Five Authors: List all the authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses the first time you cite the source. See examples below to learn about how multiple authors for one work are handled in APA parenthetical citations. ![]()
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